Written Statement vs Counter | Difference Between Written Statement and Counter in Civil Cases (CPC)

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  Written Statement and Counter are actually not very different. Both are reply documents, but the way they are used and referred to in court is slightly different. What is a Written Statement? A Written Statement means the answer or reply document filed by the defendant in a civil case. In a lawsuit, the document in which the defendant gives a reply or response to the plaintiff's case is called a Written Statement . What is a Counter? A Counter is also an answer or reply document. But it is usually filed in petitions or interlocutory applications (I.As) . So, the basic difference is: • Written Statement is filed in the main suit by the defendant. • Counter is filed in petitions or I.A.s related to the suit by the respondent. Who Can File? • Written Statement is filed only by the defendant . • Counter can be filed by both plaintiff and defendant , depending on who is replying to the petition or application as respondent. Content and Coverage • Written Statement ...
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Basics of Civil Cases in India | Common Civil Case Abbreviations and Legal Terms with Their Meanings


Image Showing Basic Abbreviations and Terms of Civil Cases



Do you want to know the full forms and meanings of legal abbreviations like O.S., E.P., D.H.R., J.D.R., I.A.,etc used in civil cases?
These short forms are commonly used in Indian civil courts, and many people don't know what they actually mean.
In this blog post, you’ll find simple meanings of the most commonly used legal abbreviations and basic terms in civil cases, such as:
• What is an O.S.
• What is an E.P.
• Who is called a Plaintiff
• Who is called a Defendant
• Who is called a D.H.R.
• Who is called a J.D.R.
• What is an I.A.
• What is an E.A.
• What do C.M.A. mean
• What do A.S. mean
• The difference between a Petition and a Memo
• What is an Affidavit, and why it is used.
• What are Trial, Hearing, and Enquiry in civil proceedings.
• Who is the Petitioner and Who is the Respondent depending on who files the I.A.
This article gives the abbreviations and their basic meanings, for easy understanding by anyone.


• O.S.
O.S. means (Original Suit):
Refers to the primary lawsuit.

• E.P.
E.P. means (Execution Petition):
A petition filed to enforce or execute a judgment given in an Original Suit.

• Plaintiff
The person who files a lawsuit (case) is called a “Plaintiff”.

• Defendant
The person against whom a lawsuit (case) is filed is called the "Defendant".

• D.H.R.
D.H.R. means (Decree Holder):
The Decree Holder is the person in whose favor a judgment is passed.

• J.D.R.
J.D.R. means (Judgment Debtor):
The Judgment Debtor is the person against whom the judgment is passed.

• I.A.
I.A. means (Interlocutory Application):
I.A. is filed for any interim orders in the suit.

• E.A.
E.A. means (Execution Application):
Execution Application is filed for any interim orders in E.P.

• C.M.A.
C.M.A. means (Civil Miscellaneous Application):
An appeal filed against an order issued by the court in an Interlocutory Application (I.A.).

• A.S.
A.S. means (Appeal Suit):
An appeal filed against a judgement in an Original Suit (O.S.).

• Petition
A "Petition" is a formal statement of facts related to a civil suit by either party. It requires a ₹1/- court fee stamp and refers to relevant Sections/Orders.

• Memo
A "Memo" is a similar statement of facts but does not require stamps, Sections, or Orders.

• Affidavit
A sworn statement made by a person who wants to file a petition. It does not require a stamp, as it is filed along with the petition (the petition itself requires a ₹1/- stamp).

• Trial
The examination of facts and evidence in a lawsuit is called a "Trial".

• Hearing
The arguments and counter-arguments made before or after the trial are called "Hearings".

• Those who file a civil case are called "Plaintiff".
• Those who file an E.P. are called D.H.R.
• Opposite parties in a civil case are called "Defendant".
• Opposite parties in an E.P. are called J.D.R.

If I.A. is filed by Plaintiff:
• Plaintiff is called Petitioner/Plaintiff
• Defendant is called Respondent/Defendant

If I.A. is filed by Defendant:
• Defendant is called Petitioner/Defendant
• Plaintiff is called Respondent/Plaintiff


Trial: Trial in O.S. means the stage where evidence is recorded and examined to decide the case.

Enquiry: Enquiry in E.P. refers to the process where the court verifies execution-related facts

Hearing: Hearing in E.P. means the stage where both D.H.R. and J.D.R. present their arguments about the execution of the decree.
Location: Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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